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- TELESCOPE COULD REVEAL FATE OF THE UNIVERSE 09/02/96
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- The Independant newspaper.
-
- Tom Wilkie
- Science Editor
-
- The precise positions of more than a million galaxies are to be mapped by a new
- telescope which, astronomers hope, will finally resolve the mystery surrounding
- the information of galaxies such as our own Milky Way in the early days of the
- universe.
-
- The telescope - part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and under construction in
- New Mexico in the United States - may also shed light on the ultimate fate of
- the universe: whether it will go on expanding for ever or will eventually
- contract.
-
- At the focus of the telescope's three-metre mirror will be optical fibre cables
- so the light from each galaxy is piped to an individual spectrometer for
- analysis. In this way, it should be able to analyse the light from 300 galaxies
- simultaneously.
-
- Between 50 billion and 200 billion galaxies are now thought to exist, so the
- telescope will identify fewer than one in 50,000 of them. Each of these "star
- cities" is itself immense, containing billions of stars and so vast that it
- would take light more than 100,000 years to travel from one side to the other.
-
- The presence of the galaxies and the way they cluster is a major puzzle for
- cosmologists, Dr Mario Livio of the Space Telescope Science Institute told the
- annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in
- Baltimore.
-
- The fundamental cosmological principle was that the universe ought to be
- uniform. But ground-based telescopes had revealed a large-scale structure which
- is spongy or bubble-like, he said. There were huge dark voids while clear
- filaments and clumps were formed of anything from a dozen to a thousand or so
- luminous galaxies.
-
- To reconcile the cosmological principle with the observed map of the universe,
- Dr Livio said, astronomers have turned to "dark matter" which they believe
- makes up more than 90 percent of the stuff of the cosmos but which remains
- invisible, evident only by the pull of its gravitational attraction.
-
- There are two theories of this: some astronomers favour exotic, as yet
- undiscovered, subnuclear particles known as "cold dark matter"; others favour
- "hot dark matter" composed of subnuclear particles which have been fleetingly
- glimpsed in particle physics experiments.
-
- Neither model works too well, Dr Livio conceded. "The basic assumptions of the
- Big Bang theory are extremely good," he said. But the details, especially of
- the hot and cold dark matter scenarios "look vunerable". That is why, he said,
- it was vital to "compare observations with theory".
-
- Observations from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and more pictures from the
- Hubble Space Telescope will give detailed measurements on the distribution of
- distant galaxies and provide a stringent test for any theory as to how the
- smoothness of the early universe could have so quickly yielded clusters of
- galaxies, according to Dr Livio.
-
- Indirectly, they should also measure the amount of dark matter and thus show
- whether there is so much material in the universe that it will eventually
- collapse in on itself under the force of its own gravitation, coast to a
- gentle halt, or go on expanding for ever.
-
-
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